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Pantheon Peptides
Immunity5 cited studies

LL-37

Human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide — broad-spectrum host defence and immunomodulation.

Also known as: LL 37 · Cathelicidin
SummaryMechanismDosingSafetyStudies
Research use only — not for human consumption.

What it is

LL-37 is a potent antimicrobial peptide of the cathelicidin family that combats bacteria, viruses, and fungi while modulating the immune response. Beyond its direct antimicrobial activity, it regulates inflammation, supports wound healing, protects gut barrier integrity, and contributes to skin defence and repair.

Mechanism of action

Amphipathic α-helical peptide that disrupts microbial membranes via electrostatic interaction. Also signals through FPR2 and EGFR on host cells, promoting keratinocyte migration, angiogenesis, and resolution of inflammation.

Half-life: Short in plasma — minutes; tissue activity persists longer.

Evidence summary

Strong in-vitro and animal data across bacterial biofilms (S. aureus), viral infections (influenza), and fungal pathogens (Candida auris). Wound-healing and gut barrier work demonstrate immunomodulatory benefit beyond direct antimicrobial action.

Typical dosing protocols

Typical dose
100–1000 mcg
Frequency
Once daily
Cycle length
4 weeks
  • 100–1,000 mcg subcutaneous, daily
  • 4-week cycles for chronic infection or biofilm-related research
  • Topical preparations explored for wound and skin applications

Side effects & safety

  • Injection-site reactions
  • Possible mild flu-like symptoms during initiation
  • Long-term human safety data is limited

Cited studies

  1. (2019). Antimicrobial peptide LL-37 is bactericidal against Staphylococcus aureus biofilms. PLOS ONE.
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  2. (2011). Antiviral activity and increased host defense against influenza infection elicited by the human cathelicidin LL-37. PLOS ONE.
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  3. (2022). Antifungal Activity of Human Cathelicidin LL-37, a Membrane Disrupting Peptide, by Triggering Oxidative Stress and Cell Cycle Arrest in Candida auris. Journal of Fungi.
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  4. (2005). Induction of keratinocyte migration via transactivation of the epidermal growth factor receptor by the antimicrobial peptide LL-37. Journal of Immunology.
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  5. (2023). Human cathelicidin LL-37 exerts amelioration effects against EHEC O157:H7 infection regarding inflammation, enteric dysbacteriosis, and impairment of gut barrier function. Peptides.
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Disclaimer

All content is for research and educational purposes. Peptides described are sold for laboratory research use only and are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional before beginning any protocol.